What Are the Top 5 Strategies to Maximize Bicycle Manufacturing Profitability?

Are you seeking to significantly boost the profitability of your bicycle manufacturing enterprise? Discover nine powerful strategies designed to optimize operations, enhance market reach, and ultimately drive substantial financial growth for your business. Explore how a robust financial framework, like the Custom Bikes Performance Financial Model, can underpin these efforts and propel your company forward.

Increasing Profit Strategies

To enhance profitability in bicycle manufacturing, businesses can implement a range of strategic initiatives. The following table outlines key strategies and their potential impact on a company's bottom line, offering clear pathways to increased financial performance.

Strategy Impact
Implement Lean Bicycle Manufacturing Reduce operational costs by an average of 20%.
Optimize the Bicycle Supply Chain Achieve up to a 90% on-time delivery rate; Cut costs by up to 15% through sustainable sourcing.
Develop an Effective Bicycle Brand Marketing Strategy Expand customer base, as 42% of consumers alter purchasing habits based on environmental impact; Customers willing to pay 20-30% more for personalized products.
Reduce Bicycle Manufacturing Costs Improve production efficiency by up to 30% through automation; Reduce utility costs by 10-12% with energy-efficient equipment; Lower overall operational costs by an average of 20%; Lower initial capital expenses by 30% or more with refurbished equipment.
Employ Effective Pricing Strategies for High-End Bicycles Customers are willing to pay a premium of 20-30% for personalization, allowing for higher profit margins.

What is the Profit Potential of Bicycle Manufacturing?

The profit potential for a Bicycle Manufacturing business in the USA is significant, driven by a growing market. The overall US bicycle market was valued at approximately $16.32 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow to $35.0 billion by 2035, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 6.5%. This expansion creates a robust environment for manufacturers. For a company with $5 million in annual sales, this could translate to $150,000 to $400,000 in annual net profit, as average net profit margins for bicycle manufacturers can range from 3% to 8% of total revenue. This indicates a solid foundation for profitability, especially for businesses like American Velocity Bicycles focusing on premium, American-made products.

High-margin segments offer substantial growth opportunities for increasing bicycle manufacturing profit. The US e-bike market, for instance, is projected to reach USD 15.2 billion in 2025, growing at a rapid CAGR of 14.2%. This segment presents a particularly lucrative area for manufacturers. Additionally, offering customization options can further increase profit margins; customers are often willing to pay 20-30% more for personalized bicycles, directly boosting revenue per unit. This strategy aligns well with a brand emphasizing unique value propositions and domestic craftsmanship.

Analyzing gross profit margins reveals further potential for a bicycle manufacturing business. Gross profit margins on bicycles average around 34-40%. Margins on parts and accessories are even higher, typically at about 48-49.7%. This highlights the importance of not just bicycle sales, but also the aftermarket for components and upgrades. Adopting a direct-to-consumer (DTC) model can significantly enhance these margins by eliminating intermediary costs associated with traditional retail channels. This approach allows manufacturers to capture a larger share of the retail price, directly improving profitability. More insights on profitability can be found by reviewing industry benchmarks, such as those discussed on FinancialModelExcel.com.

How Can a Bicycle Manufacturer Increase Profits?

A bicycle manufacturer, such as American Velocity Bicycles, can significantly increase profit margins by strategically focusing on high-growth market segments, optimizing production processes, and expanding direct market reach. Key strategies include introducing electric bicycle models, offering customization options, and leveraging a direct-to-consumer (DTC) sales model. These approaches not only improve profitability but also enhance the overall bicycle brand marketing strategy.

Focusing on the electric bicycle market growth is crucial for modern manufacturers. The US e-bike market is projected to reach USD 15.2 billion in 2025, with sales expected to hit 6.4 million units per year by 2025. This segment offers higher profit margins compared to traditional bicycles and caters to a rapidly growing consumer base seeking eco-friendly and efficient transportation. Capitalizing on this trend allows companies to tap into a lucrative and expanding market.


Optimizing Production for Profit

  • Implementing lean bicycle manufacturing techniques can reduce waste and cut operational costs by an average of 20%. This includes streamlining workflows and minimizing unnecessary steps in the production process, leading to improved bicycle production efficiency.
  • Investing in automation can boost production efficiency by up to 30%, simultaneously lowering labor costs. Automated processes ensure consistency and speed, contributing significantly to bicycle manufacturing cost reduction.

Adopting a direct-to-consumer (DTC) sales model for bicycle companies directly boosts profit by eliminating wholesaler and retailer markups. More than 80% of the 900+ bicycle brands in the US already utilize a DTC approach. This model allows for a direct relationship with customers, fostering loyalty, providing valuable feedback for product development, and ultimately increasing the manufacturer's share of the retail price.

What Are Key Costs in Bicycle Production?

The primary costs in bicycle production are categorized into three main areas: raw materials and components, labor, and factory overhead. Understanding these expenses is crucial for effective bicycle manufacturing cost reduction and improving overall profitability. These elements collectively determine the final manufacturing cost of a bicycle, impacting pricing strategies for different models.

Raw materials and components represent a significant portion of production expenses. Materials like aluminum, steel, and carbon fiber can account for 40-50% of the total production costs. For instance, high-end models often utilize advanced materials such as lightweight carbon fiber, which directly impacts the cost structure. The specific material chosen for bicycle frames and other parts heavily influences the final product's cost and performance.


Key Cost Components in Bicycle Manufacturing

  • Raw Materials and Components: These are the largest cost drivers, making up 40-50% of total production expenses. This includes metals like aluminum and steel, or advanced composites such as carbon fiber.
  • Labor Costs: Representing 30-40% of manufacturing costs, labor includes wages for skilled workers, typically ranging from $20-$30 per hour. The complexity of assembly and the degree of automation directly affect this expense.
  • Factory Overhead: This covers indirect costs like rent, utilities, and equipment depreciation. Monthly rent for industrial space can average $5,000 to $15,000, while equipment depreciation can be 10-15% of annual costs.

Labor costs are another significant variable expense in bicycle manufacturing, typically representing around 30-40% of total manufacturing costs. Hourly wages for skilled workers involved in assembly and fabrication can range from $20-$30. The complexity of the bicycle frame design and the level of automation implemented in the factory significantly influence these labor expenses. For example, a highly automated plant might see lower direct labor costs per unit compared to one relying more on manual assembly.

The manufacturing cost varies widely depending on the bicycle type. A basic, mass-produced bicycle might have a manufacturing cost ranging from $100 to $400. In contrast, high-end models, especially those made from premium materials like carbon fiber, can cost between $500 and over $1,000 to produce. These figures do not include additional expenses such as research and development, marketing, or distribution, which are factored into the final retail price.

How Important Is The E-Bike Market?

The electric bicycle market is critically important for any modern bicycle manufacturer, representing a major driver of revenue and profitability. For businesses like American Velocity Bicycles, understanding this segment is key to future success. The US electric bicycle market is projected to reach USD 15.2 billion in 2025, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.2%. This significant growth trajectory highlights the immense potential for companies focusing on e-bike production and sales.

E-bikes are making a substantial impact on the overall cycling industry. They are projected to account for 30% of the total US bicycle market revenue, which reached a total of $5.1 billion. This indicates a strong shift in consumer preference and market demand. Furthermore, in the direct-to-consumer (DTC) channel, e-bikes represent a staggering 70% of the $1.2 billion in sales revenue, underscoring the effectiveness of direct sales models for this product category.


E-Bike Market Growth Drivers

  • The market is forecast to grow to USD 74.9 billion by 2029, with a CAGR of 16.54%. This rapid expansion is fueled by several factors.
  • Consumer Demand for Eco-Friendly Transport: As environmental awareness increases, more consumers seek sustainable alternatives for commuting and recreation.
  • Rising Fuel Costs: Higher gasoline prices make e-bikes an economically attractive option for daily travel.
  • Government Incentives: Programs like a 30% reimbursement (up to $900) on e-bike purchases further stimulate adoption.
  • Urbanization: The city/urban segment commands the largest market share at approximately 82%, driven by increasing urbanization and the need for efficient city transportation.
  • Pedal-Assist (Pedelec) Segment: This segment is expected to lead the market with a 59.5% share in 2025, indicating a preference for bikes that offer a blend of physical activity and electric assistance.

Focusing on the electric bicycle market growth allows manufacturers to tap into a rapidly expanding consumer base with higher profit margins. For instance, companies can improve their bicycle brand marketing strategy by highlighting the eco-friendly aspects and cost savings associated with e-bikes. For more insights on business planning and profitability, resources like FinancialModelExcel.com offer valuable guidance for aspiring entrepreneurs and small business owners.

Can a DTC Model Boost Bicycle Sales?

Yes, a direct-to-consumer (DTC) sales model can significantly boost sales and profitability for a bicycle manufacturing business like American Velocity Bicycles. This approach cuts out intermediaries, allowing manufacturers to capture higher margins and build a stronger, direct relationship with customers. Over 80% of the more than 900 bicycle brands in the U.S. market currently utilize a DTC sales channel, underscoring its widespread adoption and effectiveness.

A key advantage of a DTC strategy is the ability to absorb the full retail margin. For instance, gross margins on bicycles sold through traditional retail average around 37%. By selling directly, a manufacturer can retain this substantial margin, directly increasing their profit per unit. This also provides greater control over pricing and promotions, enhancing bicycle brand marketing strategy efforts.

The electric bicycle market, a high-growth segment, shows particularly strong performance in the DTC channel. The DTC channel for e-bikes accounts for a staggering 70% of the segment's $12 billion in revenue. In 2024 alone, around 450,000 units were sold directly from brand websites. This trend highlights the consumer's comfort with purchasing high-value items like e-bikes online directly from manufacturers.


DTC Sales Model Benefits for Bicycle Manufacturers:

  • Increased Profit Margins: Eliminating wholesalers and retailers allows manufacturers to capture the full retail markup. This can significantly increase overall bicycle manufacturing profit.
  • Stronger Brand Connection: Direct interaction with customers fosters loyalty and provides invaluable feedback for future product development and customization options for bicycles.
  • Market Agility: Manufacturers can quickly respond to market trends and customer demands, adapting their production and marketing efforts more efficiently.
  • Enhanced Data Collection: Selling directly provides rich data on customer preferences, purchasing habits, and demographics, which is crucial for targeted marketing and inventory management techniques for bicycle production. You can read more about how successful owners make money from custom bikes and performance through direct sales by visiting this article.

While the DTC channel is powerful, especially for e-bikes, it's worth noting that the majority of e-bike revenue still flows through brick-and-mortar retail. This suggests that a hybrid approach, combining robust online DTC sales with strategic retail partnerships, could be an effective bicycle brand marketing strategy for maximizing market reach and profitability.

How Does Sustainability Impact Profitability?

Sustainable practices in bicycle manufacturing significantly improve a company's financial performance by reducing costs, attracting environmentally conscious customers, and enhancing brand reputation. Adopting these practices can lead to substantial cost savings through reduced waste and energy expenses. For instance, some manufacturers report overall reductions of 15% in operational costs by embracing sustainability.

Utilizing sustainable materials can also lead to direct financial benefits. When suppliers offer competitive pricing for eco-friendly initiatives, raw material costs can decrease by as much as 15%. Furthermore, investing in energy-efficient machinery can lower utility costs by 10% to 12% annually, directly impacting the bottom line for a company like American Velocity Bicycles.


Why Sustainability Boosts Profitability:

  • Customer Attraction: A strong sustainability focus appeals to a growing market segment. Approximately half of consumers report feeling an emotional connection to sustainable organizations, and 42% are actively changing their purchasing habits based on social and environmental impact. This expands your customer base and increases sales.
  • Enhanced Brand Reputation: Businesses known for sustainable production, as discussed in articles like this one on custom bike performance, build stronger brand loyalty and trust. This positive image can command premium pricing for products and improve market share.
  • Operational Efficiency: Companies that regularly report on sustainability often gain a deeper understanding of their business processes. This leads to innovation, greater operational efficiency, and improved resilience against evolving environmental regulations, contributing to long-term profitability.

What Are the Latest Bicycle Industry Trends?

The bicycle industry is experiencing dynamic shifts, driven by evolving consumer preferences and technological advancements. Key bicycle industry trends include the continued surge of electric bicycles, the growth of gravel and adventure cycling, and the integration of technology and sustainable practices. The US bike market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9.3% from 2025 to 2033, indicating robust expansion for businesses like American Velocity Bicycles.

The electric bicycle market continues its rapid expansion, representing a significant opportunity for increased bicycle manufacturing profit. US e-bike sales are expected to hit 6.4 million units annually by 2025. E-bikes now represent 30% of the total US bicycle market revenue, highlighting their critical role in market growth. This segment offers higher margins and caters to a rapidly growing consumer base, making it a crucial area for manufacturers to focus on for profitability.

Beyond electric bikes, there is a growing demand for specialized models like gravel bikes and cargo bikes. Gravel bikes are designed for versatility, featuring wider tires and endurance-focused geometry to handle diverse terrains. Cargo bikes are the fastest-growing product segment, reflecting a consumer shift towards sustainable and practical urban transportation solutions. Manufacturers are responding by expanding their product lines to meet these niche demands, which can significantly increase market share for bicycle manufacturers.


Key Technological and Sustainability Trends

  • Technology Integration: Innovations are enhancing the riding experience and operational efficiency. This includes smart helmets with communication systems, AI-assisted training tools, and predictive maintenance sensors. Such advancements contribute to higher value products and improved bicycle production efficiency.
  • Sustainable Manufacturing: This is moving from a trend to an industry baseline. The focus is on using recycled materials and transparent CO₂ footprint calculations. Adopting sustainable practices can lead to cost savings and attract environmentally conscious customers, aligning with the mission of American Velocity Bicycles to champion a greener future. For insights on cost-effective materials, see articles like this one.

These trends collectively shape the landscape for bicycle manufacturers, emphasizing the need for adaptability and innovation. Focusing on these areas can lead to substantial bicycle manufacturing cost reduction and improved bicycle brand marketing strategy, ultimately bolstering a company's bottom line.

How to Implement Lean Bicycle Manufacturing?

Implementing lean bicycle manufacturing focuses on systematically eliminating waste and maximizing productivity across all stages of production. This approach, widely adopted in various industries, can significantly reduce operational costs. For a company like American Velocity Bicycles, adopting lean principles can lead to an average 20% reduction in operational costs, enhancing profitability.

A core component of lean manufacturing is optimizing the assembly line. This involves analyzing and refining workflows to minimize unnecessary movement and reduce idle time. By streamlining the production process, bicycle production efficiency increases, directly lowering labor costs in bike manufacturing and improving overall output.

Key Lean Techniques for Bicycle Production

  • Just-In-Time (JIT) Inventory: Implementing a JIT inventory management system is crucial. This technique ensures materials and components arrive precisely when needed for production, reducing warehousing costs and minimizing waste from overproduction. It directly improves inventory management techniques for bicycle production.
  • Continuous Improvement (Kaizen): Lean philosophy emphasizes ongoing improvements. Training employees in lean techniques and empowering them to identify and eliminate inefficiencies fosters a culture of sustained cost reduction and quality enhancement. This internal expertise contributes to long-term bicycle manufacturing cost reduction.
  • Value Stream Mapping: Map out the entire production process from raw materials to finished bicycles. This helps identify non-value-added activities and bottlenecks, allowing for targeted improvements in the production workflow in a bicycle plant.
  • Waste Reduction (Muda): Focus on eliminating the seven types of waste: overproduction, waiting, unnecessary transport, over-processing, excess inventory, unnecessary motion, and defects. Reducing waste in bicycle manufacturing processes directly impacts profitability.

By integrating these lean strategies, bicycle manufacturers can achieve greater efficiency, reduce expenses, and improve their competitive edge. This methodical approach ensures resources are utilized effectively, supporting sustainable bicycle production and increasing bicycle manufacturing profit.

How to Optimize the Bicycle Supply Chain?

Optimizing the supply chain is critical for bicycle manufacturing cost reduction and improving overall bicycle production efficiency. A well-managed supply chain ensures timely delivery of components, maintains quality standards, and minimizes expenses. For businesses like American Velocity Bicycles, focusing on strategic supplier relationships and advanced inventory management can significantly increase bicycle manufacturing profit margins.

Effective bicycle supply chain optimization involves several key strategies. These approaches help reduce waste, lower carrying costs, and improve the flow of materials from suppliers to the production line. By implementing these methods, manufacturers can achieve greater control over their operations and respond more flexibly to market demands. This also contributes to sustainable bicycle production by reducing inefficiencies.

Key Strategies for Bicycle Supply Chain Optimization

  • Build Strong Supplier Relationships: Establishing long-term partnerships with reliable suppliers is fundamental. This ensures a consistent supply of quality bicycle components and can lead to an impressive 90% on-time delivery rate. Strong relationships facilitate better communication and problem-solving, which are crucial for maintaining lean bicycle manufacturing processes.
  • Negotiate Favorable Terms: Engage in robust negotiations for raw materials and components. Seeking volume discounts and flexible contracts can lead to significant bicycle manufacturing cost reduction. Sourcing sustainable materials, such as recycled aluminum for frames, can also cut costs by up to 15% when suppliers offer competitive pricing, aligning with sustainable bicycle production goals.
  • Implement Automated Inventory Management: Utilize automated systems with real-time data analysis. This enhances supply chain visibility and efficiency, crucial for managing inventory turnover effectively. Such systems help in reducing waste and lowering carrying costs by preventing overstocking or stockouts, directly impacting the profitability of a bicycle manufacturing business.
  • Leverage Data Analytics for Demand Forecasting: Accurate prediction of market demand is vital. By analyzing sales data and bicycle industry trends, manufacturers can optimize procurement and production schedules. This prevents both costly excess inventory and lost sales due to stockouts, directly supporting efforts to increase market share for bicycle manufacturers.

What Is An Effective Bicycle Brand Marketing Strategy?

An effective bicycle brand marketing strategy for a new company like American Velocity Bicycles should focus on building a strong brand identity, leveraging digital marketing, and engaging directly with the cycling community. This approach helps increase market share for bicycle manufacturers and builds a loyal customer base. A key tactic involves highlighting a unique value proposition, such as 'Made in USA' craftsmanship and sustainable practices. These elements appeal to specific consumer segments looking for high-quality, ethically produced bicycles. For instance, sustainable initiatives can significantly expand a customer base, as 42% of consumers are altering purchasing habits based on environmental impact. This directly contributes to increasing bicycle manufacturing profit by attracting conscious buyers.

A robust digital marketing plan is essential for a bicycle company to effectively market its products and drive sales. This plan includes search engine optimization (SEO) to improve online visibility, social media marketing to engage with potential customers, and creating engaging online content. The goal is to build strong brand awareness and drive sales through a direct-to-consumer sales model for bicycle companies. This model allows for greater control over the customer experience and often higher profit margins. Marketing budgets typically represent 5-10% of the overall operating budget, making efficient allocation crucial for profitability. Leveraging data analytics for demand forecasting in the bike industry also refines marketing efforts.

Offering bicycle customization options is a powerful marketing tool that can justify premium prices and attract niche customers. This strategy directly enhances brand reputation and profit margins. Customers are often willing to pay 20-30% more for a personalized product, recognizing the added value of a unique item tailored to their preferences. This approach helps a manufacturer of high-end bicycles justify premium prices. Integrating customization also strengthens customer loyalty and word-of-mouth marketing, vital for new bicycle brands. It’s a key strategy for increasing sales and improving bicycle factory profitability by appealing to the desire for unique, high-performance machines.


Key Tactics for Bicycle Brand Marketing:

  • Build a Strong Brand Identity: Emphasize unique selling points like 'Made in USA' and sustainable bicycle production, fostering a distinct image for American Velocity Bicycles.
  • Leverage Digital Marketing: Implement comprehensive SEO, social media marketing, and engaging content creation to boost brand awareness and drive direct-to-consumer bicycle sales.
  • Engage the Cycling Community: Connect with riders through events, online forums, and partnerships to build rapport and gather valuable feedback.
  • Offer Customization Options: Provide personalized bicycle customization options to increase sales, justify premium pricing, and attract niche segments willing to pay more for unique products.
  • Highlight Sustainable Practices: Promote sustainable manufacturing practices in bicycle manufacturing to attract customers, aligning with consumer values and expanding market reach.

How to Reduce Bicycle Manufacturing Costs?

Reducing bicycle manufacturing costs is crucial for improving profit margins and remaining competitive in the market. For businesses like American Velocity Bicycles, optimizing expenses directly impacts overall profitability. This involves strategic decisions across procurement, production, and inventory management, ensuring efficiency without compromising the quality of premium, American-made bicycles.


Optimizing Raw Material Procurement

  • A primary strategy for bicycle manufacturing cost reduction is to optimize the procurement of raw materials and components. These can constitute 40-50% of total production expenses.
  • Negotiate bulk purchase discounts with suppliers. Larger orders often lead to significant price reductions per unit.
  • Compare multiple suppliers for competitive pricing and explore long-term contracts to lock in favorable rates. This helps in achieving bicycle supply chain optimization.
  • Consider alternative, cost-effective materials for bicycle frames or components that maintain quality and performance standards.


Leveraging Automation and Technology

  • Investing in automation and technology offers significant long-term savings for bicycle production efficiency. Automation can improve production efficiency by up to 30%.
  • Implement robotic welding or automated assembly lines to reduce manual labor costs and improve consistency.
  • Utilize energy-efficient equipment in the manufacturing process, which can reduce utility costs by 10-12%. This contributes to sustainable bicycle production practices.
  • Explore software solutions for demand forecasting and production planning, leveraging data analytics to minimize overproduction and waste.


Implementing Lean Manufacturing Principles

  • Adopting lean manufacturing principles is a proven method for reducing waste and improving labor efficiency in a bicycle plant. This can lower overall operational costs by an average of 20%.
  • Focus on streamlining processes to eliminate non-value-added activities, such as excessive movement or waiting times.
  • Implement continuous improvement methodologies (Kaizen) to identify and address inefficiencies regularly. This helps in improving production workflow in a bicycle plant.
  • Reduce defects and rework by improving quality control at each stage, minimizing material waste and associated labor costs.


Strategic Inventory and Equipment Management

  • Strategic inventory management, such as implementing a just-in-time (JIT) system, minimizes warehousing and carrying costs for bicycle components. This is a key aspect of inventory management techniques for bicycle production.
  • Reduce excess inventory to free up capital and decrease storage expenses, preventing obsolescence.
  • Opting for refurbished equipment can lower initial capital expenses by 30% or more, providing a cost-effective way to upgrade machinery without large upfront investments.
  • Regular maintenance of existing machinery also prevents costly breakdowns and extends equipment lifespan, contributing to overall how to reduce operational costs in a bike factory.

What Pricing Strategies Work for High-End Bicycles?

Effective pricing strategies for high-end custom bicycles center on value-based pricing. This approach justifies a higher price point by emphasizing superior quality, extensive customization, strong brand reputation, and innovative technology. For American Velocity Bicycles, showcasing the craftsmanship and advanced engineering of American-made products becomes a core part of this value proposition. Customers are willing to invest more when they perceive a significant return in performance, durability, and exclusivity.

Highlighting the materials and components used is crucial for high-end bicycle pricing. For instance, explaining the benefits of lightweight carbon fiber or titanium frames, known for their strength and performance, helps justify a premium. Superior components, such as advanced drivetrain systems or high-performance brakes, also contribute to the perceived value. It's important to remember that manufacturing costs for high-end bikes can range from $500 to over $1,000, and this figure does not even include research and development, marketing, or distribution costs. This significant investment in production naturally leads to higher retail prices.


Key Strategies for Premium Bicycle Pricing

  • Offer Extensive Customization: Providing options for personalized paint schemes, component choices, or ergonomic adjustments allows customers to create a truly unique bicycle. Customers are often willing to pay a premium of 20-30% for personalization, significantly increasing profit margins on high-end models. This strategy aligns well with the 'American Velocity Bicycles' focus on empowering riders with tailored machines.
  • Build a Strong Brand Identity: A robust brand reputation for quality, performance, and reliability is vital. A company like American Velocity Bicycles can command premium prices when its brand itself signifies exceptional value. Effective bicycle brand marketing strategy focuses on storytelling, showcasing innovation, and highlighting sustainable practices to resonate with the target audience.
  • Emphasize Innovative Technology: Integrate and communicate any cutting-edge technologies or proprietary designs. This could include advanced aerodynamics, unique suspension systems, or smart connectivity features. Innovation justifies a higher price by offering a tangible competitive advantage and an enhanced riding experience.

Implementing these pricing strategies helps a bicycle manufacturing business like American Velocity Bicycles to not only increase bicycle manufacturing profit but also to build a loyal customer base. Focusing on the intrinsic value and unique benefits of each high-end model ensures that pricing is seen as an investment rather than just a cost.